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Next Previous Contents HOWTO: Multi Disk System Tuning Stein Gjoen, sgjoen@nyx.net v0.31 , 24 July 2025 This document describes how best to use multiple disks and partitions for a Linux system. Although some of this text is Linux specific the general approach outlined here can be applied to many other multi tasking operating systems. 1. Introduction 1.1 Copyright 1.2 Disclaimer 1.3 News 1.4 Credits 1.5 Translations 2. Structure 2.1 Logical structure 2.2 Document structure 2.3 Reading plan 3. Drive Technologies 3.1 Drives 3.2 Geometry 3.3 Media 3.4 Interfaces 3.5 Cabling 3.6 Host Adapters 3.7 Multi Channel Systems 3.8 Multi Board Systems 3.9 Speed Comparison 3.10 Benchmarking 3.11 Comparisons 3.12 Future Development 3.13 Recommendations 4. File System Structure 4.1 File System Features 4.2 Explanation of Terms 5. File Systems 5.1 General Purpose File Systems 5.2 Microsoft File Systems 5.3 Logging and Journaling File Systems 5.4 Read-only File Systems 5.5 Networking File Systems 5.6 Special File Systems 5.7 File System Recommendations 6. Technologies 6.1 RAID 6.2 Volume Management 6.3 Linux md Kernel Patch 6.4 Compression 6.5 ACL 6.6 cachefs 6.7 Translucent or Inheriting File Systems 6.8 Physical Track Positioning 6.9 Yoke 6.10 Stacking 6.11 Recommendations 7. Other Operating Systems 7.1 DOS 7.2 Windows 7.3 OS/2 7.4 NT 7.5 Sun OS 7.6 BeOS 8. Clusters 9. Mount Points 10. Considerations and Dimensioning 10.1 Home Systems 10.2 Servers 10.3 Pitfalls 11. Disk Layout 11.1 Selection for Partitioning 11.2 Mapping Partitions to Drives 11.3 Sorting Partitions on Drives 11.4 Optimizing 11.5 Compromises 12. Implementation 12.1 Checklist 12.2 Drives and Partitions 12.3 Partitioning 12.4 Repartitioning 12.5 Microsoft Partition Bug 12.6 Multiple Devices (md) 12.7 Formatting 12.8 Mounting 12.9 fstab 12.10 Mount options 12.11 Recommendations 13. Maintenance 13.1 Backup 13.2 Defragmentation 13.3 Deletions 13.4 Upgrades 13.5 Recovery 13.6 Rescue Disk 14. Advanced Issues 14.1 Hard Disk Tuning 14.2 File System Tuning 14.3 Spindle Synchronizing 15. Troubleshooting 15.1 During Installation 15.2 During Booting 15.3 During Running 16. Further Information 16.1 News groups 16.2 Mailing Lists 16.3 HOWTO 16.4 Mini-HOWTO 16.5 Local Resources 16.6 Web Pages 16.7 Search Engines 17. Getting Help 18. Concluding Remarks 18.1 Coming Soon 18.2 Request for Information 18.3 Suggested Project Work 19. Questions and Answers 20. Bits and Pieces 20.1 Swap Partition: to Use or Not to Use 20.2 Mount Point and /mnt 20.3 Power and Heating 20.4 Deja 21. Appendix A: Partitioning Layout Table: Mounting and Linking 22. Appendix B: Partitioning Layout Table: Numbering and Sizing 23. Appendix C: Partitioning Layout Table: Partition Placement 24. Appendix D: Example: Multipurpose Server 25. Appendix E: Example: Mounting and Linking 26. Appendix F: Example: Numbering and Sizing 27. Appendix G: Example: Partition Placement 28. Appendix H: Example II 29. Appendix I: Example III: SPARC Solaris 30. Appendix J: Example IV: Server with 4 Drives 31. Appendix K: Example V: Dual Drive System 32. Appendix L: Example VI: Single Drive System 33. Appendix M: Disk System Documenter Next Previous Contents

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